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Test Title: Positive Amplitude Transmission Circuit
Introduction:
The transmission coefficient in physics and electrical engineering is discussed in wave propagation and in the discontinuities of the transmission medium. The transmission coefficient determines the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmission wave relative to the event wave.
In telecommunications, the transmission coefficient relative to the amplitude of the transmitted transmission wave to the amplitude of the event wave is called the transmission line discontinuity.
It is also sometimes called the "transfer coefficient" when a part of a telecommunication system, such as a line, circuit, telecommunication channel, or trunk, can meet the desired work demands. The value of the transmission coefficient is inversely related to the quality of the line, circuit, telecommunication channel or trunk.
In the following experiment, we will implement this circuit with PSP.

Test Title: Negative Domain Transmission Circuit
Introduction:
The transmission coefficient in physics and electrical engineering is discussed in wave propagation and in the discontinuities of the transmission medium. The transmission coefficient determines the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmission wave relative to the event wave.
In telecommunications, the transmission coefficient relative to the amplitude of the transmitted transmission wave to the amplitude of the event wave is called the transmission line discontinuity.
It is also sometimes called the "transfer coefficient" when a part of a telecommunication system, such as a line, circuit, telecommunication channel, or trunk, can meet the desired work demands. The value of the transmission coefficient is inversely related to the quality of the line, circuit, telecommunication channel or trunk.
In the following experiment, we will implement this circuit with PSP.

Test title: Transistor as a common collector amplifier and common base
Introduction:
Transistors are one of the most important electronic components. A transistor is a solid state device made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and germanium. A transistor has N-type and P-type connections in its structure.
New transistors fall into two general categories: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). Applying current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and the common terminal increases the conductivity between the output and the common terminal, thus controlling the current between them. The specifications of transistors depend on its type.
The word "transistor" refers to the type of point connection, but they used the old symbol with symbols that more accurately showed the difference in the structure of a bipolar transistor, but the idea was soon abandoned.
In analog circuits, transistors are used in amplifiers (direct current amplifiers, sound amplifiers, radio amplifiers) and linear regulated power supplies. Transistors are also used in digital circuits as an electronic switch, but are rarely used as a single component, but as an interconnected circuit in integrated circuits. Digital circuits include logic gates, random access memory (RAM), microprocessors, and digital signal processors (DSPs). The transistor can also act as a switch. The transistor has a tripod.

Test title: Transistor as common emitter amplifier
Introduction:
Transistors are one of the most important electronic components. A transistor is a solid state device made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and germanium. A transistor has N-type and P-type connections in its structure.
New transistors fall into two general categories: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). Applying current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and the common terminal increases the conductivity between the output and the common terminal, thus controlling the current between them. The specifications of transistors depend on its type.
The word "transistor" refers to the type of point connection, but they used the old symbol with symbols that more accurately showed the difference in the structure of a bipolar transistor, but the idea was soon abandoned.
In analog circuits, transistors are used in amplifiers (direct current amplifiers, sound amplifiers, radio amplifiers) and linear regulated power supplies. Transistors are also used in digital circuits as an electronic switch, but are rarely used as a single component, but as an interconnected circuit in integrated circuits. Digital circuits include logic gates, random access memory (RAM), microprocessors, and digital signal processors (DSPs). The transistor can also act as a switch. The transistor has a tripod.

Test Title: Transistor
Introduction :
History
The first patent for a field-effect transistor was registered in Germany in 1928 by physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, but he did not publish any papers on his work, and these three patents were ignored by industry. In 1934, the German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil recorded another transistor field effect. There is no direct evidence that this piece was made, but later work in the 1990s showed that one of Lilienfeld's designs worked and provided a significant gain. Legal papers from Bell Patent Laboratories show that Shockley and Pearson developed a usable version of Lilienfeld's invention, which they never mentioned in their research and articles. Other transistors On December 23, 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain developed the first point-of-sale transistor in Bell Labs. This continued with wartime efforts to produce pure "crystal" germanium mixing diodes, which were used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave receivers. A parallel project of germanium diodes at Purdue University has succeeded in producing good quality germanium semiconductor crystals used in Bell Labs. The switching speed of the original lamp technology was not enough for this, so the same team led Bell to use solid state diodes instead. With the knowledge they had, they started designing semiconductors, but realized that it was not an easy task. Bardeen eventually created a new branch of surface physics to calculate the strange behavior they saw, and eventually Brattain and Bardeen succeeded in building a workpiece.

Experiment Title: Examination of Zener Diode
Introduction:
A diode (other letters: electric dipole, rectifier) ​​is a two-ended electronic component that conducts electrical current in one direction (in which case the ideal diode resistance is zero) and in the opposite direction in the opposite direction. The current passing through shows a very high resistance (infinite). This feature of the diode had caused it to be referred to as a valve in the early years of the electronic device. Currently, the most common type of diode is made of semiconductor material crystals. Vacuum tubes, which were the first diodes, are now used only in high-voltage technologies.
The most important use of a diode is to pass current in one direction (English: diode's forward direction) and to prevent current from flowing in the opposite direction (English: reverse direction). As a result, the diode can be viewed as a one-way solenoid valve. This diode feature is used to convert alternating current to direct current.

Test title: Scissor circuit from bottom to top
Introduction:
These types of circuits are used to reduce the amplitude of the input wave, which can be done in the form of scissors from the bottom or from above or from the top and bottom. In general, the work of these circuits is to reduce the amplitude of the input wave depending on the source voltage. There is direct current.
Now in this experiment we want to study some kind of scissor circuits.

Test title: Scissor circuit from above
Introduction:
These types of circuits are used to reduce the amplitude of the input wave, which can be done in the form of scissors from the bottom or from above or from the top and bottom. In general, the work of these circuits is to reduce the amplitude of the input wave depending on the source voltage. There is direct current.
Now in this experiment we want to study some kind of scissor circuits.

Test title: Scissor circuit from below
Introduction:
These types of circuits are used to reduce the amplitude of the input wave, which can be done in the form of scissors from the bottom or from above or from the top and bottom. In general, the work of these circuits is to reduce the amplitude of the input wave depending on the source voltage. There is direct current.
Now in this experiment we want to study some kind of scissor circuits.

Test title: Logic gates using transistors
Introduction :
History
The first patent for a field-effect transistor was registered in Germany in 1928 by physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, but he did not publish any papers on his work, and these three patents were ignored by industry. In 1934, the German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil recorded another transistor field effect. There is no direct evidence that this piece was made, but later work in the 1990s showed that one of Lilienfeld's designs worked and provided a significant gain. Legal papers from Bell Patent Laboratories show that Shockley and Pearson developed a usable version of Lilienfeld's invention, which they never mentioned in their research and articles. Other transistors On December 23, 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain developed the first point-of-sale transistor in Bell Labs. This continued with wartime efforts to produce pure "crystal" germanium mixing diodes, which were used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave receivers. A parallel project of germanium diodes at Purdue University has succeeded in producing good quality germanium semiconductor crystals used in Bell Labs. The switching speed of the original lamp technology was not enough for this, so the same team led Bell to use solid state diodes instead. With the knowledge they had, they started designing semiconductors, but realized that it was not an easy task. Bardeen eventually created a new branch of surface physics to calculate the strange behavior they saw, and eventually Brattain and Bardeen succeeded in building a workpiece.

Test Title: Multiplier Circuit
Introduction:
In this section, we will explain how to increase the value of these circuits and then move on:
In the duplicator circuit:
How to double the voltage is examined separately. At moment zero (when the secondary voltage of the transformer is zero) the capacitors are fully discharged. During (one-half) of the positive cycle, the secondary voltage of the motor transformer reaches a maximum and capacitor C1 is charged via diode D1 (located in direct bias) to the maximum voltage (VM) - as shown below.

Experiment Title: Full Wave Rectification
Introduction:
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current to direct current (more precisely, it converts alternating voltage to direct voltage.) A rectifier is a circuit in which it usually consists of one or more currents. Diode is used. The job of the diode is to pass current only in one direction and prevent it from passing in the opposite direction.
For low-power systems, batteries can be used, but in most cases the energy of electronic devices is supplied by the power supply. To reduce the voltage, a reduction operation is performed by a reducing motor transformer and then the rectification operation is performed.
In mathematics, using the Fourier series, any alternating function can be written as a set of simple oscillating functions (sine, cosine, or complex exponential function). This function is named after the great French mathematician Joseph Fourier. By extending each function in Fourier series, the frequency components of that function are obtained. This type of function, which is the result of our circuit, is obtained from these extensions.

Experiment Title: Half-wave rectifier
Introduction:
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current to direct current (more precisely, it converts alternating voltage to direct voltage.) A rectifier is a circuit in which it usually consists of one or more currents. Diode is used. The job of the diode is to pass current only in one direction and prevent it from passing in the opposite direction.
For low-power systems, batteries can be used, but in most cases the energy of electronic devices is supplied by the power supply. To reduce the voltage, a reduction operation is performed by a reducing motor transformer and then the rectification operation is performed.

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